How are Black Holes formed..Most Mysterious Objects of Universe...From Light to Dark...All facts on Black Holes!!! Black Holes Explained....

INTRO...

Black holes and Mystery , they both are related to each other , whenever we think about the most mysterious objects of universe , the only answer we get  or the image we get in our mind is a Dark Black round circle like thing which is revolving around its own path..Nobody knows from where they have come , and what are they made of . The only thing which we know is the formation of a Black hole . In my earlier post I told you about the formation and ending of a star  in which I told you that when a heavy mass star dies it forms a black hole , so today I am going to explain black holes in more details...So lets go...

WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE...

So before starting the formation of black hole let us first know what is a black hole . A black hole can be defined as follows....

" A black hole is  a region of spacetime , in which gravity of black hole prevents everything including light from escaping "

Black holes are present everywhere in this space . Black holes are actually like the monsters of our universe. 

Those monsters which eat everything , means nothing can escape from black hole . Every object which enters into a black hole can not come back . No one knows where these go . The boundary of this black hole from where no one can escape is called "event horizon" . These black holes are said to be black as no light is being reflected from a black hole . Therefore it appears to be black . 

They are almost invisible to see in space as they are black , therefore it is very difficult to find out a black hole . We have discovered black hole by the use different instruments to locate a black hole . For example these instruments detect how the stars close to a black hole react differently from other stars , which help us to detect a black hole . 

FORMATION OF A BLACK HOLE...

Now we all know about what is a black hole? So now question arises how they are formed . It took a long time for the astronomers to find out how a black hole is formed . But finally the mystery was solved . Formation of a black hole takes place from the death of a heavy mass star . Having 10 times more mass than our sun . When they die , they form a black hole . Scientist think that the smallest black hole was formed when the universe was born .

The general theory of relativity states that sufficient compact mass is able to deform spacetime to form a black hole.

So basically the formation of a black hole can be described as follows....

When a star forms it starts to shine in the space with full freedom . It produces light and energy from nuclear fusion .Hydrogen combines to form helium , which releases a large amount of energy . This nuclear reaction produces an outward force which makes the star to cancel out the gravitational force which is present inside the star , which makes the star stable . So basically when all the fuel of a star is used for the nuclear fussion and all the hydrogen is converted into helium , then helium is converted into heavy elements like iron , copper and any more. So when these heavy elements are formed and the core of the star is filled up with these elements then the gravity of the star begin to increase as the mass increases .

 So when the gravity increase it starts to attract the outer surface of the star to inwards . Because their is no force to stop this attraction as a result the matter of the star in the core starts to rush into each other . Which generates a huge amount of heat and energy . And at last the star explodes causing a "supernova" . The outer parts of the star spreads into the free space approaching the speed of light , whereas the inner core collapse due to its own weight . If the core remaining after the supernova is very massive (more than 2.5 times the mass of the Sun), no known repulsive force inside a star can push back hard enough to prevent gravity from completely collapsing the core into a black hole.

From the perspective of the collapsing star, the core compacts into a mathematical point with virtually zero volume, where it is said to have infinite density. This is called a singularity.Where this happens, it would require a velocity greater than the speed of light to escape the object's gravity. Since no object can reach a speed faster than light, no matter or radiation can escape. Anything, including light, that passes within the boundary of the black hole -- called the "event horizon" -- is trapped forever.

VIDEOS ON THE FORMATION OF BLACK HOLES ...... CLICK HERE....!!!!

SIZE OF A BLACK HOLE...

Now we have understood the formation of a black hole , that how are they formed and from what are they formed , full process of black hole formation . Now we should know how big are these black holes . Actually the size of a black hole is not fixed . There are many black holes in our universe , which all are of different sizes . 

Basically black holes are in 4 different categories.They are....

Supermassive black hole.....

Supermassive black holes are the biggest giants of our universe . They are the biggest black holes of our universe. Their mass may vary bet 1000000 - 1000000000000 times the mass of sun . This is a huge amount . Actually think for a second means an object having this much times greater mass than our sun . We cannot even imagine . Not only this their size may be from 0.001–400 AU . This is also a huge amount .

Intermediate-mass black hole....

Intermediate-mass black hole are smaller than the above category but still are very big . Their mass can vary from 10000-10000 times the mass of our sun , and their size may be apprx. 1000 km .

Stellar black hole....

These are little much smaller than the above black holes. But are still bigger than our sun . Their mass may be apprx. 10 times the mass of  our sun and their size may 30 km.

Micro black hole....

These are the smallest black holes of our universe . For these we can say that they are small . Their mass may be equal to our moon and their size can be 0.01 mm . You are thinking that they are so small then what disasters can they cause but you should not go to their size . They are small in their size but are very dangerous . Therefore we should not go on their size . Black holes are dangerous .

HISTORY OF DISCOVERY...

So now we have come to the history part . Basically history in the discovery of black holes . These black holes were first considered in 18 th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace . The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, although it was interpreted as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published by David Finkelstein in 1958 . 

The physicist "John Wheeler" coined the term "black hole" in 1967 . Before this black holes were termed as "dark stars" or "frozen stars" .

High-energy collisions...

Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes. In principle, black holes could be formed in high-energy collisions that achieve sufficient density. As of 2002, no such events have been detected, either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in particle accelerator experiments.This suggests that there must be a lower limit for the mass of black holes. Theoretically, this boundary is expected to lie around the Planck mass (mP = √ħc/G ≈ 1.2×1019 GeV/c2 ≈ 2.2×10−8 kg), where quantum effects are expected to invalidate the predictions of general relativity. This would put the creation of black holes firmly out of reach of any high-energy process occurring on or near the Earth. 

However, certain developments in quantum gravity suggest that the Planck mass could be much lower: some braneworld scenarios for example put the boundary as low as 1 TeV/c2. This would make it conceivable for micro black holes to be created in the high-energy collisions that occur when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere, or possibly in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. These theories are very speculative, and the creation of black holes in these processes is deemed unlikely by many specialists. Even if micro black holes could be formed, it is expected that they would evaporate in about 10−25 seconds, posing no threat to the Earth

SOME BLACK HOLE OF OUR UNIVERSE...

Cygnus X-1:

 A stellar-mass black hole and x-ray source that lies some 6,500 light-years away. It is a binary system that contains a blue supergiant variable star and the x-ray source thought to be the black hole.

Sagittarius A*: 

The supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way Galaxy. It lies in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius. This black hole contains the mass of about 4 million suns.

M87: 

This elliptical galaxy has a 3.5 billion solar-mass black hole at its heart. The black hole is surrounded by a disk of superheated material and has a jet of superheated material streaming away from the black hole that extends across 5,000 light-years from the galaxy’s core.

Centaurus A:

 This galaxy, which lies in the direction of the constellation Centaurus, is a giant spiral galaxy with an incredibly active nucleus. It contains a 55 million solar-mass black hole at its heart, with two jets of material that stream away from the galaxy at about half the speed of light across a million light-years of space.

The most distant Black hole discovered is in the center of a quasar , named SDSS J1148 + 525.1 . Its mass has measured to apprx . equal to our sun . V4641 Sagittarii is the closest black hole to the earth , and has a distance of 1600 light years . 

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How a Star is Originated...from DARK to LIGHT...Full life cycle!!!!

INTRO...

Welcome to the world of STARS. Hello friends welcome to my blog and this brand new post .Today I am going to tell you about Stars , yes the complete life cycle of a star , that how it is born , what is the origin , and where does it ends . Full story of a star .In my earlier post I described about the origin of this universe , I told you about different theories related to the birth of universe .I hope you liked that posts and I hope that after reading that post you are curious to know about stars . Therefore I have brought this post to fulfill your curiosity . So lets begin the tour...

WHAT ARE STARS...

So before starting about the life cycle of a star , let me first tell you about what is a star .A star can be defined as follows-:

"A star is a massive , luminous sphere of plasma which is held together by its own gravity . "

Let me explain it . Basically this definition says that a star is a very large glowing body which is made up of plasma or gases , and which is held together in combined form by its own gravity . They are completely made up of gases and there is not a single piece of solid matter . It produces a large amount of energy due to nuclear fussion reaction which is going in it . The shine of star is due to this reason , that is due to thermonuclear fusion reaction in which hydrogen is converted into helium  which produces a lrge amount of energy . 

A lot of temperature is raised due to this reaction on the surface of the star . This temperature can be calculated by observing their color , like the stars with blue color are the hottest stars whereas the stars with red color are the coldest this because the star which is in blue color is completely made up of Hydrogen whereas the stars with red color contains carbon particles . 

So the color of star can also be used to find out the composition of the star . The hottest star with the blue color can have the temperature up to 50,000 degree celsius .

BIRTH OF A STAR...

So after we know about what is  star now we are curious to know about how the star is formed , what are the processes involved in the birth of a star .A star originates from the dark space and becomes a lightful object , which shines freely in space , for its life time. So basically a new star forms from the old stars . Similar to human beings as new babies are formed form their parents , same to this new stars are formed by the help of old stars . They are the next generation of the old stars . The star forming process is as follows....

"When a star becomes old and aged it ends its life by exploding itself . When this star explodes , a cloud is formed which contains the remaining components  of the old star . We called it as "star dust" .They are also known as "nebulae" .It is cloud which contains helium and other heavy elements that were present in the old star . With the passage of time the cloud mixes with the gases in the surrounding and finally forms a new star."

To compress this star dust and initiate the gravity a lot of energy is required , which can be provided by many processes like supernova explosion which releases a large amount of energy in space .Galactic collisions can also trigger the star formation process . Emission of radio waves can also trigger the star formation .

As the star dust cloud collapses  it breaks into smaller and smaller pieces . In each of these fragments  , the collapsing gas radiates away the energy that is gained by release of gravitational potential energy .As the density increases , these fragments become opaque and becomes less efficient in radiating energy which raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation , these fragements now condense to form the rotating spheres of gas which refer to as stars .

Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms. The theory of low-mass star formation, which is well-supported by a plethora of observations, suggests that low-mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds. As described above, the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar. For stars with masses higher than about 8 M☉, however, the mechanism of star formation is not well understood.

Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material. In the past, it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses.[49] Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar.[50][51] Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form.

END OF A STAR...

Now we know that how a star is born all the process related to the birth of a star . But now also the life cycle of a star is uncompleted  , and will be not complete without  the end of a star . S o now we are going to describe the end of a star  means the death of a star . 

After the birth of a star it begins to shine in the space and the process of star evolution takes place , this is the process by which the star changes over he period of time . But this change is very slow  , therefore it could not be noticed by humans. It takes hundreds of of years to happen the changes .The lifetime of a star depends upon the mass of the star , the heavier it is the older it is .

Nuclear fusion is the main source of energy for the star , hydrogen is converted in to helium through this process and a large amount of energy is released which acts as the fuel for the star . But as the time passes the hydrogen of the star begins to reduce , and then the star starts to convert the helium into heavier elements like carbon , iron and the center is accumulated with the heavier elements.So the center of the star begins to contract as there is no force which can stop the contraction so when the core of the star contracts the heavier elements rushes into each other and a huge amount of energy and pressure is produced  . Because of which the outer part expands and cools , which make the star a red giant or red super giant .

The next stage of the end of star depends upon the mass of star . Once a star like the Sun has exhausted its nuclear fuel, its core collapses into a dense white dwarf and the outer layers are expelled as a planetary nebula . Whereas the stars having the mass 10 times more than our sun , rushes out of the fuel they explodes forming a supernova , and at the end when the remaining iron particles generate the strong gravitational force and it starts to contract and there is no force which can stop the gravitational  contraction of the star. It collapses to a point of infinite density .  

Before this stage is reached within a certain radius  , light itself becomes trapped  , and the object becomes invisible and it becomes a "black hole" let me explain what is black hole...

"A black hole is a region of of spacetime of huge density where gravity prevents everything even light from escaping. "

So when supernova takes place it spreads a lot of elements into the universe , all the elements which are present in our universe are provided to us by these supernovas only.

These are also responsible for the formation of new stars , so this process in continuous , all the stars die and give birth to new stars .This cycle will kept on going till the universe remains.

So that was about the life cycle of a star...form birth to death..

I hope you liked it...If yes then follow..and if any questions..

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How Plasma Universe and Little Bangs Explain The Origin Of Universe

INTRO...

Hello friends welcome to my blog and this post.In my earlier posts I explained about the origin of universe by describing two theories BIG BANG and STEADY STATE THEORY . Both the theories explained the birth of universe in different ways but apart from these theories there is another theory which explains the birth of universe Plasma Universe and Little Bangs.So lets begin the space tour.....

PLASMA UNIVERSE...

After the proposal of big bang and steady state theory maximum people were convinced with either big bang or with steady state theory but then also some astronomers were  not convinced with these theories , they were formulating other views on the creation of universe.They were trying to predict another theories which can explain the birth of universe , a theory different from the other two theories which could explain the birth of universe more accurately.

One model came from Nobel laureate Hanes Alfven , a Swedish plasma physicist , called the Plasma Universe. He stated that 99 % of the observable Universe (including stars) is made up of plasma .

Let me explain what is plasma 

"Plasma , is an ionised gas which conducts electricity , which is sometime called the fourth state of matter"

The theory stated that Big Bang never happened , it is a fake theory , and the universe is criss crossed by gigantic electric currents and huge magnetic fields.It states that universe does not have any beggining and does not have an ending  , it had existed forever , and the main force in which the universe is chiefly influence is the electromagnetic force.

According to plasma universe galaxies come together very slowly over a much greater time span than in big bang theory . approximately 100 billion years.There are very less evidence for this theory from the observable sky.Most of the evidence comes from laboratory experiments.There are computerized simulation of plasma which is subjected to high energy fields provides some patterns which look like something similar to galaxies.

As their are less people who believe on this theory but then also this theory is gaining popularity in the minds if young astronomers who believes in pracitcal more than mathematical proofs.

LITTLE BANGS...

There are another group of astrnomers who are not satisfied with the ablove theory and are developing another steady state theory which is conformed by astronomical observations.This observation   also suggeats that universe had no end and no beginning.It had existed forever and had look like same as it is looking in the present .

Matter is continuously created everywhere by some "little bangs" which is associated with the mystery of quasars .

Firs let me explain what  is quasar.....

"a quasar is a region which surrounds a supermassive blackhole which emits an enormous amount of energy"

This object has a large redshift ,which indicates huge distance between the object and us.Today ti si thought that quasar is one form of active galactic nucleus (AGN)

Back to little bangs...

So the theory explains that galaxies are forming at a rate which is determined by the pace at which the universe expands.Means as the universe is expanding new galaxies are forming with the same rate.They can also explain cosmic background radiation .They predict that these are coming from cloud of tiny iron particles.

SO THAT WAS ALL ABOUT PLASMA UNIVERSE AND LITTLE BANGS...I HOPE THIS HELPED YOU TO INCREASE YOUR KNOWLEDGE....
KEEP READING MY BLOG FOR MORE KNOWLEDGE ON COSMOS...

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What is Steady State Theory

INTRO...

Hello friends welcome to my blog Exploring Cosmos.This is my second post on the birth of universe.In the first post of my blog , I have discussed about BIG BANG THEORY which describes the birth , and which is the most acceptable theory on the origin universe.I described all the facts related to big bang , and the process of big bang . And today I will discuss about another important theory related to the birth of universe that is STEADY STATE THEORY . So lets begin..

STEADY STATE THEORY..

As I have told you about Big Bang , that universe was originated through  a cosmic explosion which occurred in a ball of matter and energy , but big bang is not only the theory concerning our universe's origin.In 1940 , a competing hypothesis arose , called STEADY STATE THEORY. This idea was proposed because at that time there were not enough information to test big bang.

"It stated that the universe had remained same , from the time it was created to the present day . It states that the stars , galaxies and planets may change , but the universe had remained the same."

British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle and many others argued that the universe was only uniform in space  and this idea was called as COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE . This theory does not depend on a specific event like big bang.The universe does not have a start and an end . It is infinite.

Big bang predicts that the galaxies , stars are receding away from each other with a very high speed and the space is becoming emptier continuosly  , but steady state theory predicts that universe in continuously  expanding but at the same time new matter is created continuously which is made up of hydrogen atom which come together to form new stars bet the receding galaxies and the density of universe remains constant.

RESTRICTIONS TO THE THEORY..

As the theory is been accepted for some years and there were many proofs for the theory to be true there were many restrictions to the theory.Continuous creation of matter form empty space has met with a contradiction , because it violates the fundamental law of physics that is "the conservation of matter " it states that matter cannot be created nor be destroyed "but steady state violates this law , how can something be created from nothing..

But astronomers have found the creation of matter , but the matter found is so small  , about one atom every billion years for every several cubic feet of space.There is another restrictions that if matter is continuously created everywhere , then the average age of stars in any section should be the same.But this is not found to be true.The age of stars can be calculated by measuring the distance of the stars from earth.The farther the star is , it has taken light from the star to travel across the space and reach the earth. It means the star which are farthest are the oldest.

The another restriction is that this theory could not explain the cause of cosmic microwave radiations.And therefore most of the astronomers feel this theory wrong.

So that was all about steady state theory , another explanation to the birth of universe , apart from big bang . I hope this blog helped you.For more post follow the blog and leave comments for any other queries related to astronomy.

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How Was Universe Born.

INTRO...

Hello friends welcome to my this post , in this I will tell you about the origin that about the born of UNIVERSE.I will tell you about how was the universe born , from its starting to till now in its present form.You will learn about the process, and the rules which were obeyed or disobeyed during the process.So lets go..

ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE..

When we look above our head towards the space , we think of the space ,that how and from where i has come , how it is formed.There are very less people who are not curious to know about the world where we live.All of us want to know about our origin , but most of the people dont have required resources, therefore this blog will help those kind of people, who wanted to fulfill their curiosity,and wanted to know about the COSMOS. Lets begin the journey, and go back to the time of ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE...

There are many theories related to the origin of universe, but the most common and most acceptable of all of them is the

BIG BANG THEORY..

It is the most acceptable theories from all of the theories which describe the formation of COSMOS.It was accepted in the early 1900's.It states that ..

Approximately 15 to 20 billion years ago , all the matter and energy which was there in the cosmos was concentrated into a tiny point.Its size was apprx. closer to a glass balls.And its density was as much high as the whole mass of universe  was concentrated in small ball.

According to EINSTIEN..

matter and energy were same at the time of big bang, they cannot be distinguished from each other.

Next stage in the big bang was the explosion of this tiny but very dense point of matter and energy.Within few seconds a fireball ejected constituted of matter and energy in all directions with very high velocities approaching to almost the speed of light.

Few seconds later energy and matter were different quantities .They spread out in the whole universe.All the elements we see today are developed from the entities the spread during the process.

After when matter and energy were different things , atoms of hydrogen were formed, therefore it is said that hydrogen is the basic element of all the other elements.Hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms.

To combine these atoms a lot of energy was required which was provided by the energy released in the big bang explosion.

After that all the other elements formed with the composition of these two elements, like lithium ,berylium and many more.

When these elements were formed they combined to form gases and gases combined to form stars.Due to the nuclear fusion in stars hydrogen and helium converted to heavy atoms like iron ,cooper and many more.When these heavy atoms combine they formed planets , big ,small , and also asteroids were formed.

Another great formation was the formation of water that is H2O.It was fomed

with the combination of two hydrogen atom and a oxygen atom.It was the biggest contribution towards life on planets.

Back to big bang ..

As we saw that when the universe exploded all the matter and energy travelled in all directions wit a speed of light.

The evidence can be seen till now from the claims that some theorists make that the galaxies ,stars , planets still have that explosive motion in them and are moving away from each other with a very high speed.

In 1929 ,astronomer EDWIN HUBBLE announced that all the galaxies  which he observed were receding from each other  at a very high speed.

EVIDENCE OF THE SHIFTING OF GALAXIES..

DOPPLER EFFECT..

This is phenomenon which occurs when a source of waves light or sound moves away or towards the observer.

If the source of light is moving towards you  , you percieve that the frequency is rising that is the light become shifted to blue end of visible spectrum , and if the source is moving away from the observer then the frequency decreases or the light become shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

Same phenomenon was observed when the light from galaxies was observed using hubble telescope ,and it was observed that the light coming from galaxies were observed to shift to the red end of the spectrum, which states that the galaxies were moving away from us,means they are still moving , and the greater the redshift greater is the speed of the galaxy..

So if the galaxies are moving away from us means that we are in the center of the universe.All the galaxies from us in all directions are moving from us.

Means that the space bet us and the galaxies is expanding .Galaxies which are more far from us move with a greater speed because there is more space bet us and the galaxies to expand.

So this is the reason why the light from distant objects are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.In fact this HUBBLE RULE is used in measuring the distances bet the objects from earth.

SO FOR NOW THIS MUCH KNOWLEDGE IS ENOUGH, YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT IT IN NEXT BLOG...

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What Is COSMOS...

INTRO..

Hello friends,this is my first post on this blog , the name of which you already know , so I will give you a brief description about my blog . So my blog is about COSMOS that is UNIVERSE AND SPACE.Here you will get all kind of information about cosmos. You can ask any type of questions  related to astronomy , astrophyiscs , etc.SO lets begin this trip to EXPLORE the UNIVERSE.

COSMOS..

Cosmos the synonym of UNIVERSE and SPACE.There are a lot of things to know about UNIVERSE , if you started to exploring it your whole life will not be enough.Therefore you should aquire as much knowledge as you can in your life about universe.We can think about universe as a place where all the galaxies , stars , planets ,and other celestial objects are present.Till now we are not able to calculate the total size of universe , but we think of universe to be infinite.We cannot locate the ends of our universe.Its non ending.

If get into the deep of universe, we can increase our interest in the study of   universe. We all think about how the astronomers going to space would be feeling when they are in zero gravity region , or floating in space, and watching different planets and stars LIVE.So if you are curious to know about all these things you are on the right blog.You will get all these kinds of information and reasons behind these type of questions.

HERE ARE SOME TOPICS WHICH YOU WILL SEE IN THIS BLOG...

*MULTIVERSE

The constitution of many different universes , is called together a MULTIVRSE.Our universe is one out of those multiple universes, and a part of MULTIVERSE.

 

*UNIVERSE

Universe is the constitution of different stars,planets, galaxies ,and other celestial bodies like comets, asteroids , etc.Our galaxy ,solar system is one of the part of the universe..

 

*SPACE

The empty region out of our planet , in this universe is called space.Space is made up of many things but mainly two things DARK MATTER and DARK ENERGY.You will learn more about it in another blogs..

 

*SPACETIME

Spacetime is the combination of space and time in single unit.It consists of THREE DIMENSIONS and TIME  in a single universe..

 

*STARS

Stars are the celestial objects in space which are a massive , luminous sphere plasma which are held together by their gravity.They are not made up of solids, they are constituted of HYDROGEN..

*GALAXIES

A Galaxy is the composition of millions of stars ,planets  which are held together by gravity , and which revolve around a common center..

 

*PLANETS

Planets are the composition of solid rocks, metals ,and different elements which are produced from stars and are collected by their gravity and forms a planet...

 TO GET MORE KNOWLEDGE ON THE ABOVE TOPICS  SEARCH THIS BLOG....

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